Polar coordinates are another way to describe where something is located, but instead of using x and y coordinates like in regular (or Cartesian) coordinates, we use a distance and an angle.
Let's imagine we are standing in the middle of a big field, and we see a tree in the distance. We want to tell our friend how far away the tree is and in what direction. With polar coordinates, we would say that the tree is 10 meters away (the distance) and at an angle of 45 degrees from where we are standing (the angle).
The distance in polar coordinates is called the radius, and it's measured from the center point (in this case, where we are standing) to the object we are describing. The angle is measured from a reference point, usually the positive x-axis, and goes counterclockwise.
Using polar coordinates can be helpful when we are describing things that have a circular or radial symmetry, like a spiral or a star. Instead of trying to describe the shape using x and y coordinates, we can use the distance and angle to describe the pattern.
So, in short, polar coordinates are a way to describe where something is located using a distance (radius) and an angle, and they are useful for describing patterns with circular or radial symmetry.